Sapphire single crystal substrate for semiconductor devices

ABSTRACT

A single crystal substrate for epitaxial growth thereon of a semiconductor layer. The substrate consists essentially of sapphire (aluminum oxide) and scandium oxide (Sc 2  O 3 ). The invention also provides the aforesaid single crystal substrate in combination with a semiconductor epitaxially grown thereon. The preferred semiconductors are silicon, gallium phosphide, aluminum phosphide and zinc sulphide.

This is a division of application Ser. No. 947,851 filed Oct. 2, 1978, (now abandoned) which, in turn, was a division of Ser. No. 625,527, filed Oct. 14, 1975, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,126,731, issued Nov. 21, 1978.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a single crystal substrate of an electrically insulating material for epitaxial growth thereon of a semiconductor layer. A substrate according to this invention is therefore for use in manufacturing semiconductor devices.

A substrate of an electrically insulating material is theoretically welcomed to epitaxial growth thereon of a semiconductor layer. This is because the substrate affords excellent electric insulation between the device elements of an integrated circuit formed by the use of the semiconductor layer and eliminates the undesired parastic capacitance. A sapphire (Al₂ O₃) or a spinel (MgAl₂ O₃) single crystal has been used as a substrate of the type described. There is, however, a considerable lattice mismatch between the substrate single crystal and the epitaxially grown semiconductor single crystal. The mismatch results in stress latent in the semiconductor layer and dislocation in the semiconductor single crystal to render the semiconductor crystal imperfect and heterogenaous and to adversely affect the electrical characteristics of the semiconductor layer, such as mobility and lifetime of charge carriers, and of the semiconductor devices manufactured by the use of the semiconductor layer.

In Japanese Patent Application No. 47-74483 filed July 25, 1972, and laid open to public on Mar. 28, 1974, Jun-ichi Nishizawa, one of the present inventors, has taught a combination of a substrate of the type described and a semiconductor layer epitaxially grown thereon. The lattice mismatch in question is reduced in general in accordance with Nishizawa by changing the composition of at least one of the substrate and the layer of the combination. In the meantime, Jun-ichi Nishizawa and Mitsuhiro Kimura, the instant inventors, have disclosed in United States Patent Application Ser. No. 600,007 filed July 29, 1975 now U.S. Pat. No. 3,990,902, a spinel single crystal substrate of the type described wherein the mismatch is reduced more specifically.

A preferred substrate, however, has not been known, which consists of a sapphire containing single crystal and is for use in epitaxially growing thereon a semiconductor layer with the lattice mismatch reduced to an admissible extent.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a primarily sapphire single crystal substrate for epitaxial growth thereon of a semiconductor layer wherein a lattice mismatch is reduced to an admissible extent.

It is another object of this invention to provide a sapphire containing single crystal substrate of the type described, on which it is possible to epitaxially grow a most perfect and homogeneous semiconductor layer.

It is still another object of this invention to provide a sapphire containing single crystal substrate of the type described, which does not adversely affect the electrical characteristics of semiconductor devices manufactured thereon.

It is a specific object of this invention to provide a sapphire containing single crystal substrate of the type described, wherein a particular substance is definitely used to achieve the objects of this invention enumerated in the three next preceding paragraphs.

In accordance with this invention there is provided a single crystal substrate for epitaxial growth thereon of a semiconductor layer wherein the single crystal consists of aluminium oxide (Al₂ O₃) and a member selected from the group consisting of gallium oxide (Ga₂ O₃), titanium oxide (Ti₂ O₃), scandium oxide (Sc₂ O₃), chromium oxide (Cr₂ O₃), iron oxide (Fe₂ O₃), magnesium titanium oxide (MgTiO₃), and iron titanium oxide (FeTiO₃). The sapphire containing single crystal mentioned above therefore means an additive-containing sapphire single crystal.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 schematically shows a conventional sapphire substrate and a silicon layer epitaxially grown thereon;

FIG. 2 shows how a lattice distance varies when gallium oxide is substituted for a portion of aluminium oxide of sapphire; and

FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a sapphire containing single crystal substrate according to an embodiment of the instant invention and a silicon layer epitaxially grown thereon.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring to FIG. 1, a small portion of a sapphire single crystal 11 is depicted by solid lines and a corresponding portion of a silicon single crystal 12, by broken lines. A horizontal axis of the figure shows a [1 2 1 0] axis of the sapphire crystal 11 and also a [0 1 0] axis of the silicon crystal 12. A vertical axis represents a [1 0 1 1] axis of the sapphire crystal 11 and a [0 0 1] axis of the silicon crystal 12. The plane of the figure represents a lattice plane (1 1 0 2) of the sapphire crystal 11 and a lattice plane (1 0 0) of the silicon crystal 12. It is already known that a silicon layer 12 epitaxially grows on a sapphire single crystal substrate 11 with the (1 0 0) plane of the former brought on the (1 1 0 2) plane of the latter. Lattice distance of sapphire along its [1 2 1 0] and [1 0 1 1] axes are 4.75 A and 5.2 A, respectively. The lattice constant of silicon (cubic system) is 5.43 A. In contrast to "lattice constant," the term "lattice distance" means the distance between two adjacent lattice planes along a direction which may not necessarily be the direction of a crystallographic axis.

In order to quantitatively speak of the degree of a lattice mismatch, a misfit coefficient is defined herein for a combination of sapphire and silicon by: ##EQU1## By using the above-cited numerical values of the respective lattice distances and constant, the misfit coefficients between the (1 0 0) plane of silicon and the (1 1 0 2) plane of sapphire are 13.4% and 4.3% in the directions of the horizontal and vertical axes depicted in FIG. 1, respectively. It follows therefore that a considerable lattice mismatch is present even along the illustrated vertical axis. This results in various disadvantages described in the preamble of the instant specification.

Referring to FIG. 2, it has now been determined that the lattice distance of sapphire along the [1 2 1 0] axis varies as shown therein when gallium oxide is substituted as an additive for a portion of aluminium oxide of which sapphire consists. It has also been found that such an additive-containing sapphire crystal retains its rhombohedral structure and accordingly the single crystal feature even with a considerable amount of the additive being substituted for the aluminium oxide provided that a single crystal grown at a high temperature as will later be described in quenched from a temperature range lower than about 1000° C. On the other hand, it has been confirmed that the lattice distance of an additive-containing sapphire single crystal along the [1 0 1 1] axis is lengthened in substantially linear relation to that along the [1 2 1 0] axis with an increase in the mol percentage of the gallium oxide.

Turning to FIG. 3, which is similar to FIG. 1, the lattice distance of an additive-containing sapphire single crystal along the [1 0 1 1] axis (vertical) would become approximately 5.43 A when the gallium oxide content is about 87 mol percent. As a result, the misfit coefficient in the [1 0 1 1] direction would be rendered approximately zero although there is a considerable lattice mismatch remaining along the [1 2 1 0] axis.

Sapphire containing about 85 mol percent of gallium oxide has a melting point at 1800° C. It is therefore feasible to apply the floating zone method to growing an additive-containing sapphire single crystal. In fact, powder was prepared which consists of 13 mol percent of aluminium oxide (Al₂ O₃) and 87 mol percent of gallium oxide (Ga₂ O₃), thoroughly mixed, and pressed into a mass of a rod shape. The mass was sintered in air at 1300° C. for twenty-four hours into a ceramic rod. With a seed crystal and an infrared-ray furnace, the floating zone method was resorted to so as to grow a single crystal of additive-containing sapphire on the seed crystal from the ceramic rod at a rate of crystal growth of 1 mm/hour and with the ceramic rod rotated at 90 r.p.m. Quenching was carried out in the furnace immediately after the growth of the single crystal. The crystal thus made was of homogeneous composition all over. An additive-containing sapphire single crystal of homogeneous composition can be manufactured also by the chemical deposition method, the Czochralski method, the edge-defined film fed growth method (EFG method), or the like method. With the EPG method capable of growing a single crystal at a higher rate, it is possible to further raise the distribution coefficient of the additive in an additive-containing sapphire single crystal by selection of an adequate rate of the crystal growth. Furthermore, it is possible to raise the homogeneity by adjusting the composition of the molten zone of the growing crystal.

By the use of a substrate made of an additive-containing sapphire single crystal produced as above by adoption of the floating zone method, a silicon single crystal was grown to a thickness of one micron epitaxially on the substrate from the vapour phase by thermal deposition of monosilane. The silicon single crystal layer thus made had a perfect and homogeneous crystal structure even at its portion adjacent to the interface between the silicon layer and the substrate and showed excellent electrical characteristics. More particularly, an n-type silicon single crystal layer was formed on a substrate according o this invention with phosphine added to the monosilane. At a carrier concentration below 2×10¹⁵ /cm³, the mobility of charge carriers in the n-type silicon layer was 800 cm² /(V.sec) or more in contrast to the corresponding value of about 500 cm² /(V.sec) for a silicon single crystal layer formed on a conventional sapphire substrate. Similarly, a p-type silicon single crystal layer was made on a substrate according to this invention. A leakage current between a source and a drain electrode of a p-channel MOS device manufactured by the use of the p-type silicon layer was only about 0.1 picoampere per micron, which value is about a tenth of that of the device made by the use of a p-type silicon single crystal layer formed on a conventional sapphire substrate. It is possible to use a substrate according to this invention for manufacturing semiconductor memory elements of the SOS and/or MOS structure thereon.

Almost the same desirable results were obtained when the misfit coefficient along the [1 0 1 1] axis was not greater than about 0.5% due to the autodoping of gallium into the silicon layer. For the misfit coefficient of 0.5% or lower, the mol percent of the gallium oxide is from 71 to 98. A misfit coefficient of about 1.0% was permissible when the requirements were not severe for the electrical characteristics of the silicon layer.

It has been proven that use may be made of titanium oxide (Ti₂ O₃), scandium oxide (Sc₂ O₃), chromium oxide (Cr₂ O₃), iron oxide (Fe₂ O₃), magnesium titanium oxide (MgTiO₃), or iron titanium oxide (FeTiO₃) instead of the gallium oxide. The contents of these oxides for a misfit coefficient of 0.5% or less along the [1 0 1 1] axis of sapphire are from 42 to 55, from 25 to 33, from 83 to 99, from 60 to 78, from 56 to 73, and from 50 to 65 mol percent, respectively. Those for a misfit coefficient of 0% in the direction in question are 49, 29, 95, 69, 65, and 57 mol percent, respectively.

For epitaxial growth of a single crystal of gallium phosphide (GaP) on an additive-containing sapphire single crystal substrate according to this invention, the contents in the substrate of the gallium oxide, titanium oxide, scandium oxide, chromium oxide, iron oxide, magnesium titanium oxide, and iron titanium oxide are from 88 to 99, from 50 to 62, from 29 to 37, from 96 to 99, from 71 to 89, from 66 to 83, and from 58 to 74 mol percent, respectively, for realizing a misfit coefficient of 0.5% or less along the [1 0 1 1] axis of sapphire. Although it is impossible to reduce the misfit coefficient to 0% by the use of the gallium or chromium oxide, it is feasible to do so by the use of any one of the other oxides of 56, 33, 80, 74, and 66 mol percent, respectively.

For epitaxial growth of a single crystal of aluminium phosphide (AlP), it is infeasible to use chromium oxide for achieving a misfit coefficient of 0.5% or less along the [1 0 1 1] axis of sapphire. The contents of the gallium oxide, titanium oxide, scandium oxide, iron oxide, magnesium titanium oxide, and iron titanium oxide for the misfit coefficient of 0.5% or less are from 92 to 99, from 52 to 65, from 31 to 35, from 74 to 92, from 69 to 86, and from 61 to 76 mol percent, respectively. For the misfit coefficient of 0%, where the gallium oxide does not serve well, the contents of the remaining oxides are 58, 35, 83, 77, and 69 mol percent, respectively.

For epitaxial growth of a single crystal of zinc sulphide (ZnS), the contents of the oxides of gallium, titanium, and scandium are from 72 to 94, from 40 to 53, and from 24 to 32 mol percent for reducing the misfit coefficient to 0.5% or less. The corresponding contents are 83, 47, and 28 mol percent for attaining the 0% misfit coefficient. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A sapphire-containing rhombohedral single crystal substrate for epitaxial growth thereon of a layer of a semiconductor, said single crystal substrate being an electrically insulating material consisting essentially of Sc₂ O₃ in an amount between 24 and 38 mol % with the balance being essentially Al₂ O₃, whereby the lattice misfit coefficient between said substrate and an epitaxially grown semiconductor thereon is not more than about 1% along the [1011] axis.
 2. The substrate of claim 1 wherein said misfit coefficient is not more than about 0.5%.
 3. The substrate of claim 2 having in combination an epitaxially grown single crystal semiconductor on a surface of said substrate.
 4. A substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein said electrically insulating material consists essentially of from 75 to 67 mol percent of the aluminium oxide and from 25 to 33 mol percent of the scandium oxide and wherein said semiconductor is silicon.
 5. The substrate of claim 4 having in combination an epitaxially grown single crystal silicon semiconductor on a surface of said substrate.
 6. A substrate as claimed in claim 4, wherein said electrically insulating material consists essentially of 71 mol percent of the aluminium oxide and 29 mol percent of the scandium oxide.
 7. The substrate of claim 6 having in combination an epitaxially grown single crystal silicon semiconductor on a surface of said substrate.
 8. A substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein said electrically insulating material consists essentially of from 71 to 63 mol percent of the aluminium oxide and from 29 to 37 mole percent of the scandium oxide and wherein said semiconductor is gallium phosphide.
 9. The substrate of claim 8 having in combination an epitaxially grown single crystal gallium phosphide semiconductor on a surface of said substrate.
 10. A substrate as claimed in claim 8, wherein said electrically insulating material consists essentially of 67 mol percent of the aluminium oxide and 33 mol percent of the scandium oxide.
 11. The substrate of claim 10 having in combination an epitaxially grown single crystal gallium phosphide semiconductor on a surface of said substrate.
 12. A substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein said electrically insulating material consists essentially of from 69 to 62 mol percent of the aluminium oxide and from 31 to 38 mol percent of the scandium oxide and wherein said semiconductor is aluminium phosphide.
 13. The substrate of claim 12 having in combination an epitaxially grown single crystal aluminum phosphide semiconductor on a surface of said substrate.
 14. A substrate as claimed in claim 12, wherein said electrically insulating material consists essentially of 65 mol percent of the aluminium oxide and 35 mol percent of the scandium oxide.
 15. The substrate of claim 14 having in combination an epitaxially grown single crystal aluminum phosphide semiconductor on a surface of said substrate.
 16. A substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein said electrically insulating material consists essentially of from 76 to 68 mol percent of the aluminium oxide and from 24 to 32 mol percent of the scandium oxide and wherein said semiconductor is zinc sulphide.
 17. The substrate of claim 11 having in combination an epitaxially grown single crystal zinc sulphide semiconductor on a surface of said substrate.
 18. A substrate as claimed in claim 11, wherein said electrically insulating material consists of 72 mol percent of the aluminium oxide and 28 mol percent of the scandium oxide.
 19. The substrate of claim 18 having in combination an epitaxially grown single crystal zinc sulphide semiconductor on a surface of said substrate. 